Ignoring Things
Ignoring Things
What if we have files that we do not want Git to track for us,
like backup files created by our editor
or intermediate files created during data analysis.
Let's switch to our dev branch, and create a few dummy files:
git switch dev mkdir results touch a.dat b.dat c.dat results/a.out results/b.out
and see what Git says:
git status
# On branch dev # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # a.dat # b.dat # c.dat # results/ nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
Putting these files under version control would be a waste of disk space.
What's worse,
having them all listed could distract us from changes that actually matter,
so let's tell Git to ignore them.
We do this by creating a file in the root directory of our project called
.gitignore.nano .gitignore
*.dat results/
These patterns tell Git to ignore any file whose name ends in
.dat
and everything in the results directory.
(If any of these files were already being tracked,
Git would continue to track them.)Once we have created this file,
the output of
git status is much cleaner:git status
# On branch dev # Untracked files: # (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # .gitignore nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
The only thing Git notices now is the newly-created
.gitignore file.
You might think we wouldn't want to track it,
but everyone we're sharing our repository with will probably want to ignore
the same things that we're ignoring.
Let's add and commit .gitignore:git add .gitignore git commit -m "Add the ignore file" git status
# On branch dev nothing to commit, working directory clean
As a bonus,
using
.gitignore helps us avoid accidentally adding files to the repository that we don't want.git add a.dat
The following paths are ignored by one of your .gitignore files: a.dat Use -f if you really want to add them. fatal: no files added
If we really want to override our ignore settings,
we can use
git add -f to force Git to add something.
We can also always see the status of ignored files if we want:git status --ignored
# On branch dev # Ignored files: # (use "git add -f <file>..." to include in what will be committed) # # a.dat # b.dat # c.dat # results/ nothing to commit, working directory clean
Force adding can be useful for adding a
.gitkeep file. You can't add empty directories to a repository- they have to have some files within them. But if your code expects there to be a results/ directory to output to, for example, this can be a problem. Users will run your code, and have it error out at a missing directory and have to create it themselves.Instead, we can create an empty
.gitkeep file using touch in the results/ directory, and force-add it. As it starts with a ., it's a special file and won't appear in ls (only ls -a), but it will ensure that the directory structure is kept as part of your repository.